Author – Thirumagal Jayaraman
Our food and livelihood security depend on the sustained management of diverse biological resources that are economically important. The conservation of biodiversity in crop production systems is inherently linked to sustainable use and preservation, since the particular plant species would have been cultivated and nurtured for centuries.
Biodiversity is defined as the variety or differences in the living organisms on earth. It could mean differences in genetics, species, or in the ecosystem. All living organisms on the land, water and in air have their own diversity. Being the seventh largest country in the world, India is naturally major hub for biodiversity. Two of the 18 biodiversity hotspots in the world – the Himalayas and the Western Ghats – are present in the country. According to MoEF Report (1999), the country is estimated to have 49,219 plant species and 81,251 animal species, representing 12.5% of the world’s flora and 6.6% of its fauna.
Agricultural biodiversity or agro-biodiversity is the sub-set of biodiversity that has resulted from the natural selection processes and inventive developments of farming, herding and fishing by humans over millennia. It covers the diversity of genetic varieties, breeds and species used for food, fodder, fiber, fuel and medicine. It also includes the diversity of non-harvested species that support production such as soil micro-organisms, predators, pollinators), as well as those in the wider environment that support agro-ecosystems.
Agro-biodiversity plays an important role in agriculture. Local knowledge and culture can be considered its integral parts since it is the human activity of agriculture that shapes and conserves this biodiversity.
Agro-biodiversity can be divided into two categories:
- Intraspecific diversity covers the genetic variety within a single species – such as different sub-species of rice, Basmati rice, Thai Jasmine rice, Japanese Mochi rice, Sona Masuri, etc.
- Interspecific diversity refers to the number and types of different species – such as potatoes, carrots, peppers, lettuce, etc.
Benefits of Agro-biodiversity
Our food and livelihood security depend on the sustained management of diverse biological resources that are economically important. The conservation of agro-biodiversity in crop production systems is inherently linked to sustainable use and preservation, since the particular plant species would have been cultivated and nurtured for centuries. So local knowledge and culture are integral parts of agro-biodiversity management. Further, Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources, since a major proportion of drugs are derived from biological sources.
Agro-biodiversity helps in various ways such as:
- Increase productivity, food security and economic returns
- Reduce the pressure of agriculture on fragile areas, forests and endangered species
- Make farming systems more stable and sustainable
- Contribute to pest and disease management
- Reduce the spread of diseases to individuals and nations
- Improve human nutrition and provide sources of medicines
- Conserve ecosystem structure and stability of species diversity
A vast amount of agricultural biodiversity is being lost, as farmers abandon locally developed, centuries old seeds for the new hybrids. The Food & Agriculture Organisation estimates that 75% of crop biodiversity has been lost from the world’s fields. India is reckoned to have had over 100,000 varieties of rice a century ago; it now has only a few thousand. According to Fortune Business Insights, the global vegetable seeds market size was valued at $8.14 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow from $8.69 billion in 2024 to $15.03 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.78%. Among the regions, Asia Pacific dominated the vegetable seed market with a market share of 50.49% in 2023.
Nearly 37% all living species are estimated to vanish in the next century due to climate change. There are an estimated 8.7 million different living species on earth, of which 300,000 are plants. Many of them may vanish due to climate changes, human activities or due to natural disasters before we can understand their importance. Hence, it is important to not only know about biodiversity and also to take action to conserve them for our future generation. Here comes the role of seed banks.
Seed banks
A seed bank is a type of gene bank where seeds of different crops and rare plant species are stored for future use. Seed banks are created to maintain and protect biodiversity, where samples of all species are collected and stored. In case seed reserves elsewhere are destroyed, the seed bank is opened to provide seeds to farmers at defined quantities for growing plants.
Most seeds can be stored for years without damaging their genetic properties. However, they should be replanted after a certain time period to avoid eventual DNA damage. Seeds are frozen at temperatures below -4 degrees centigrade and stored in seed vaults.
Seed banks primarily involve in selecting, collecting, and storing seed varieties. They also form seed exchange networks with government organizations, NGOs and community seed banks across the world. They also form ex-situ storage facilities. They help in seed exchange, on-farm conversation with experts and farmers, training and capacity building for farmers and continuous monitoring of cultivation. The Millennium Seed Bank and Svalbard Global Seed Vault are the largest seed banks in the world.
Well-known Seed Banks in India
The Indian government established the National Seeds Corporation in 1963 both at the national level and in every state. Working under the Ministry of Agriculture, NSC undertakes the production, processing and marketing of crop seeds. It is also involved in the formulation of seed certification standards done through seed testing laboratories by checking the compatibility of different seeds. State agricultural universities and the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) are involved in seed production and distribution. Further, there are community seed banks for exchanging seeds in each region as well.
Apart from government organizations, several private and voluntary organizations have also set up seed banks across India:
- Annadana Seed and Soil Savers led by Sangita Sharma works toward conserving food plant diversity and supporting sustainable natural farming. The Annadana Seed Bank conserves and distributes 101 varieties of organic open-pollinated vegetable seeds.
- Deccan Development Society is another NGO involved in conserving agro-biodiversity, which works with voluntary associations to help women and agricultural laborers in Andhra Pradesh. It has initiated a community gene bank project to preserve agro-biodiversity, networking with various small organizations involved in seed bank activities.
- Green Foundation is a community-based organization started in 1996, which works on conserving local seed diversity and promoting biodiversity-based ecological agriculture. It has a network of farmer associations spread across 109 villages in Karnataka and Tamilnadu for preserving and promoting agro-biodiversity through community seed banks.
- The ICRISAT Genebank is the oldest seed bank in India established in 1979. It serves as a global repository for the collection of germplasm of the 11 crops: sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeon-pea, groundnut, finger millet, foxtail millet, little millet, kodo millet, proso millet and barnyard millet.
- Navdanya is a leading NGO advocating for biodiversity conservation through a large network of seed keepers and organic producers. Led by Vandana Shiva, it has created a women-centric movement for protecting biological and cultural diversity. Navdanya has helped set up 54 community seed banks, as well as the largest direct marketing, fair trade organic network in the country.
- Sahaja Samrudha is an organic farmers’ collective that works for preserving India’s traditional farming practices and the rich biodiversity of its indigenous crop varieties. It has created a seed savers group in Karnataka, which has done some remarkable work in identifying rare varieties of paddy, millets, lentils, vegetables, etc.
By preserving biodiversity, we can make farming systems more stable and sustainable, which would help farmers to lead a stable life and reduce the number of suicides of farmers due to income loss and natural disasters. We can also increase income for farmers by diversifying their produce, improving human nutrition and protecting the ecosystem.
